摘要
胃癌肝转移的总体发生率约为9.9%~18.7%,异质性大,患者5年生存率<20%,尤其是甲胎蛋白阳性胃癌和胃肝样腺癌伴肝转移患者预后更差。目前美国国家综合癌症网络和日本胃癌学会均未制定专门针对此类患者系统完善的诊疗策略。本文就胃癌肝转移的分类、诊断(血清学、影像学、病理学)、治疗(手术、药物)等方面作一系统综述。
背景
与日本、韩国相比,我国胃癌患者分期更晚,许多患者在初诊时已存在肝脏、腹膜等远处转移。胃癌肝转移(gastric cancer with liver metastasis,GCLM)多通过血行传播,总体发生率为9.9%~18.7%[1]。与结直肠癌肝转移不同,GCLM的预后更差,应引起足够的重视,目前301医院陈凛教授牵头开展的全国多中心RECORD研究旨在探究我国GCLM患者的流行病学情况。现阶段胃癌指南推荐的主要治疗方法是减瘤手术、化疗、介入等姑息治疗。近10年来,胃癌的治疗在化疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗方面均取得了一定的进展,但是REGONIVO研究表明肝转移对免疫治疗敏感性较淋巴结或者肺转移更差[2],无法切除的GCLM等晚期胃癌患者的中位生存期(overall survival,OS)仅为4~14.3个月[3,4],其中甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)阳性胃癌和胃肝样腺癌患者更易发生肝转移,预后尤其差[5,6]。GCLM的治疗模式仍处在探索阶段,各国的胃癌指南对于GCLM的诊疗标准不尽相同,本文围绕近年来国内外GCLM的诊疗现状进行系统综述。
总结与展望
GCLM异质性大且预后差,尤其是AFP阳性胃癌和胃肝样腺癌伴发肝转移,整体治疗效果不佳。制定合适的标准对GCLM进一步分类,积累特定GCLM患者手术获益的数据,探索出可能适合手术的GCLM患者的基线特征,分类探索最佳的治疗方案是未来的主要研究方向。未来,随着多学科诊疗模式的广泛实施,治疗药物的不断更新,大型临床研究数据的不断涌现,GCLM患者的治疗获益必然会更加显著。
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