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JAMA Oncol:滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌不再是癌症?

2016年04月19日

来源:Medsci

甲状腺是位于脖子中间的一个酷似蝴蝶的器官,是掌管着甲状腺激素分泌的“人体发动机”。这些年来,甲亢、甲减等甲状腺疾病日渐困扰国人,甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌的发病率也逐年升高。不过,甲状腺癌属于一种相对“懒惰”的肿瘤,俗称“懒癌”,意思是它的发生发展比较缓慢,生存率相对较高。在最近两年里,甲状腺癌的发病率基本是以30%的速度在上升,增幅排名第一,大部分为滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌。“癌”这个字眼仍然令人恐惧!很多年轻人,尤其是高发的年轻女性为此恐惧悲伤!

最近一个由来自不同国家专家组成的国际团队认为需要对滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌进行了重新分类。这类肿瘤此前被认定为癌症,但实际上它根本就不是癌症,大家根本不必担心!

基于这个结论,国际专家团队降低了对其进行危险评级,成千上万的病人因此“免除过度治疗”。他们无需接受甲状腺切除手术和使用放射性碘进行治疗,也不需要在余生中定期前去医院接受检查。上述这些医疗措施都是为了保护病人,使他们免受这类其实根本不具有威胁的肿瘤的侵害。

本研究结果发表在最近的JAMA Oncology杂志。据悉美国每年新增大约 65000 名甲状腺癌症患者,其中有大约 10000 人属于“滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌”。有些人一直建议对一些其他类型的癌症进行重新分类,比如某些生长在乳腺和前列腺内的病灶。

这种被重新归类划分的肿瘤称为滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌,甲状腺内的一种小肿块,它被周围的纤维囊完全包裹起来。这种肿块的细胞核看起来很像癌症的核心组织,但是组织本身却没有脱离周围囊状包裹。国际专家团队表示,此前医生会对患者实施手术以切除整个甲状腺,接下来对患者使用放射性碘进行治疗。而在目前们看来,上述医疗措施不仅不必要,而且对患者身体有害。为了避免过去的误导,对“滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌”(encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma)进行重新命名,现在它的名字则是“带有乳头状细胞核特征的非扩散式滤泡型甲状腺肿瘤”(noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features,NIFTP)可以看出,新名字中不再含有“癌”这个字眼,而用瘤来代替,减少人们的恐惧感,同时,也更为贴切合理。

而且通过核素得分进行诊断,也能对NIFTP能进行准确诊断,敏感性达到98.6% (95% CI, 96.3%-99.4%),特异性也达到90.1% (95% CI, 86.0%-93.1%),总的精确度为94.3% (95% CI, 92.1%-96.0%).

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图片版权:Yuri Nikiforov

实际上,很多癌症专家表示,早就应该对NIFTP进行重新分类了。多年以来,他们一直呼吁降低对某些疾病的危险评级(比如乳腺、肺部和前列腺内的病变),并且提出要把“癌症”这个词从这些疾病的名字中剔除出去。1998 年,人们对一种处于发病早期阶段的泌尿系统肿瘤进行了重新命名。两年前,人们又对处于发病早期阶段的卵巢病变和宫颈病变进行了重新命名。除此之外再也没有人愿意冒险,尝试对其他肿瘤进行研究和再分类。直到今天,这群来自全世界各地的甲状腺专家扛起了变革的大旗。

美国癌症协会(American Cancer Society)的首席医疗官Otis Brawley教授表示,此前对肿瘤的重命名实际上起到了相反的作用。人们将乳腺内尚未癌变的小肿块称为“初始阶段癌症”(stage zero cancer),将体积很小的早期前列腺病变称为“癌性肿瘤”(cancerous tumors)。与此同时,超声波、核磁共振成像和 CT 扫描等技术帮助人们发现了越来越多的这类体积微小的“癌症”。尤其值得指出的是,人们将甲状腺结节也认定为“癌症”。这也客观上增加了“甲状腺癌”的发生率。

美国甲状腺协会(American Thyroid Association)会长C. Morris教授,也是梅奥诊所(Mayo Clinic)主任医师,他说:“如果一种疾病不是癌症,那我们就不要称之为癌症。”而且,Morris没有参与对 NIFTP 重新命名的过程,他本人并不是这一专家团队的成员。

美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute)癌症预防部门的主管Barnett S. Kramer教授表示:“我们对很多疾病的叫法与我们对癌症生物学特性的了解有所出入和矛盾,而现在人们越来越关注和担忧这个问题。”在他看来,有些病变不是癌症,但是我们却将其认为是癌症。这会导致医生对患者采用不必要且有害身体健康的治疗手段。

在美国的大型医疗中心,很多患有滤泡型甲状腺肿瘤的病人已经开始接受对身体侵袭性和损害性更低的治疗手段。但是甲状腺专家表示,这种新的治疗方式还没有在美国境内的其他地方和全世界其他国家成为标准和规范。

丹佛市科罗拉多大学(University of Colorado)的甲状腺癌症专家Bryan R. Haugen也认为,“癌症”这个词给我们带来了麻烦。他说:“如果你继续将一些肿瘤称为‘癌症’,那么很多人就会采用侵入性较强的手段来进行应对和治疗。”两年前医生们正式对 NIFTP 进行研究,以便对其重新分类。

争议

尤里·尼基福罗夫医生(Dr. Yuri E. Nikiforov)是匹兹堡大学(University of Pittsburgh)病理学系的副主席,当时有人就一个 19 岁小姑娘体内的小型甲状腺肿瘤向他咨询意见。包囊彻底包围了这位患者甲状腺肿瘤。为了确诊病情,医生将肿瘤所在的甲状腺叶切除了下来。

在过去的十年中,Nikiforov见证了病理学家开始将非扩散式肿瘤划分进入癌症范畴的这一过程。他将这种变化归因于某些罕见病例。在这些病例中,肿瘤突破了纤维囊的束缚和包裹,而患者却并没有接受对身体侵入性和损害性较强的治疗。最终,这些患者均因为甲状腺癌而不幸去世。有些肿瘤的细胞核看起来很像癌症的细胞核,因此忧心忡忡的医生便按照对待癌症的方式开始治疗。但是,这个年轻小姑娘的病例简直要逼疯Nikiforov医生。

“手术的主刀医生是我的好朋友。我告诉她,‘这个肿瘤的恶性程度很低。除了切除含有肿瘤的甲状腺叶之外,你不需要对患者使用其他任何治疗手段了’”但是主刀医生回答说,根据临床实践指导意见,她必须切除患者的全部甲状腺,然后使用放射性碘进行治疗。另外,这位年轻的患者要在余生中定期前来医院进行检查和复诊。

Yuri E. Nikiforov说:“当时我说,‘够了!一定要有人承担起责任,阻止这种愚蠢而疯狂的行为。’”他召集了一群来自不同国家的医学专家组成专家团队,这其中包含了二十四位声名远扬的病理学家,两位内分泌专家,一位甲状腺外科医生,一位了解确诊癌症会给患者带来怎样影响的精神病学专家和一位病人。他们的团队从世界各地的多个医疗中心收集了一两百个病例。在这些病例中,有些患者的肿瘤被纤维囊所包裹,而有些患者的肿瘤则突破了纤维囊的束缚。根据目前的分类标准,所有这些病例中的肿瘤都应被划入癌症的范畴。确诊后,医生对这些患者进行了至少十年的追踪调查。另外,那些肿瘤被纤维囊包裹的病人自肿瘤被切除后就没有再接受其他治疗。

十年之后,所有肿瘤被纤维囊所包裹的病人身上没有展现出一点癌症的痕迹。不过,部分肿瘤突破纤维囊束缚的病人倒是患上了并发症,比如接受了其他治疗后依然死于甲状腺癌。

Yuri E. Nikiforov说:“这项研究表明,判断一个肿瘤是否是癌症,不应该看肿瘤的细胞核特征,而应该看肿瘤是否具有转移性和侵袭性。”他告诉我们,肿瘤被纤维囊包裹起来的病人“预后情况非常理想”。“这些病人不需要接受甲状腺切除手术以切除全部的甲状腺,也不需要放射疗法。当然,他们手术后也不需要每隔半年就来医院进行一次复诊。”

NIFTP名称的来源

哈佛大学马萨诸塞州眼科和耳科医院(Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary)甲状腺和甲状旁腺外科诊所主任乔治·伦道夫医生(Dr. Gregory W. Randolph)说:“我们给这些肿瘤想了十个名字,然后开始一轮接一轮地进行投票。”最终,他们选择了 NIFTP。这个名字采用了首字母缩写,而且读起来朗朗上口。他还补充说,这类肿瘤的新名字和对其重新分类的过程是“一件了不起的事情”。因为通过研究和重新分类,专家团队明确地认定那些生长于甲状腺内的小囊肿属于良性肿瘤。

在Thyroid杂志的一篇社论中,他们介绍了全世界范围内八个认可对 NIFTP 的重新分类结果和这个新的名字的顶级专业医学团体。在社论中他们写道,医生在治疗患有这类肿瘤的病人时如果将它们看做成具有扩散性和侵袭性的癌症,那么就有可能违背“首先不得伤害病人”的行医准则。

Nikiforov表示,他有责任告知那些患有 NIFTP 的病人其实他们从来就不曾罹患癌症。他和团队中的其他成员将在匹兹堡大学的医疗中心回顾所有的病例和病理学报告,从而找出以前被“误诊”患上癌症的病人并与他们进行联系。据他估计,匹兹堡大学的医疗中心此前每年会将 50-100 个患有 NIFTP 的病人“误诊”成癌症。这些病人今后再也不需要定期回来复诊,也可以彻底摆脱诊断出癌症给自己生活带来的巨大阴影。

Nikiforov说,告知这些病人真实情况“是一个医生的道德责任”。

小知识:

滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌(FVPTC)与经典型甲状腺乳头状癌(CPTC),过去多依赖石蜡病理结果分为甲状腺经典型乳头状癌组、滤泡型乳头状癌组和同一患者两种亚型肿瘤伴发的混合组,FVPTC患者进一步分为非包膜内型及包膜内型。FVPTC更名为NIFTP后,将大大减少甲状腺癌的发病率。

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附原文:

Nomenclature Revision for Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma:A Paradigm Shift to Reduce Overtreatment of Indolent Tumors

Importance  Although growing evidence points to highly indolent behavior of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC), most patients with EFVPTC are treated as having conventional thyroid cancer.

Objective  To evaluate clinical outcomes, refine diagnostic criteria, and develop a nomenclature that appropriately reflects the biological and clinical characteristics of EFVPTC.

Design, Setting, and Participants  International, multidisciplinary, retrospective study of patients with thyroid nodules diagnosed as EFVPTC, including 109 patients with noninvasive EFVPTC observed for 10 to 26 years and 101 patients with invasive EFVPTC observed for 1 to 18 years. Review of digitized histologic slides collected at 13 sites in 5 countries by 24 thyroid pathologists from 7 countries. A series of teleconferences and a face-to-face conference were used to establish consensus diagnostic criteria and develop new nomenclature.

Main Outcomes and Measures  Frequency of adverse outcomes, including death from disease, distant or locoregional metastases, and structural or biochemical recurrence, in patients with noninvasive and invasive EFVPTC diagnosed on the basis of a set of reproducible histopathologic criteria.

Results  Consensus diagnostic criteria for EFVPTC were developed by 24 thyroid pathologists. All of the 109 patients with noninvasive EFVPTC (67 treated with only lobectomy, none received radioactive iodine ablation) were alive with no evidence of disease at final follow-up (median [range], 13 [10-26] years). An adverse event was seen in 12 of 101 (12%) of the cases of invasive EFVPTC, including 5 patients developing distant metastases, 2 of whom died of disease. Based on the outcome information for noninvasive EFVPTC, the name “noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features” (NIFTP) was adopted. A simplified diagnostic nuclear scoring scheme was developed and validated, yielding a sensitivity of 98.6% (95% CI, 96.3%-99.4%), specificity of 90.1% (95% CI, 86.0%-93.1%), and overall classification accuracy of 94.3% (95% CI, 92.1%-96.0%) for NIFTP.

Conclusions and Relevance  Thyroid tumors currently diagnosed as noninvasive EFVPTC have a very low risk of adverse outcome and should be termed NIFTP. This reclassification will affect a large population of patients worldwide and result in a significant reduction in psychological and clinical consequences associated with the diagnosis of cancer.


Introduction

The increasing incidence of cancer worldwide is multifactorial, attributable to population longevity, changing environmental and lifestyle factors, and increased surveillance. Thyroid cancer is a prime example for which intensified surveillance has resulted in an increasing incidence of early cancers with indolent behavior,1,2 a phenomenon commonly described as cancer “overdiagnosis.”3 The increasing incidence is solely attributable to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), a tumor named for its papillary growth pattern, although the defining diagnostic criteria are actually the nuclear features of neoplastic cells.4 Aside from the enhanced screening, another important factor contributing to this phenomenon is the increase in diagnosis of a variant of PTC known as the follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC).5

The follicular variant of PTC was broadly recognized in the mid-1970s as a tumor composed of neoplastic follicles rather than papillae, but with follicular cells showing nuclear features characteristic of PTC.4 Two main subtypes are known to occur: infiltrative (or nonencapsulated) and encapsulated.6(pp100-109)7 Encapsulated FVPTC (EFVPTC) has increased in incidence by an estimated 2- to 3-fold over the past 2 to 3 decades and makes up 10% to 20% of all thyroid cancers currently diagnosed in Europe and North America (eTable 1 in the Supplement).5,8

Encapsulated FVPTC is a challenging and controversial diagnosis in thyroid gland pathology. In those tumors that have no invasion, the diagnosis of cancer rests exclusively on finding the characteristic nuclei, assessment of which in many cases is subjective and even contentious, leading to consistently high interobserver variability.9- 11 Furthermore, studies over the past decade have demonstrated that FVPTC overall,12 and particularly EFVPTC, has an indolent behavior and is genetically distinct from infiltrative tumors.7,13- 17 Yet, most patients with EFVPTC continue to be treated similarly to those with conventional PTC. Aside from the stigma of a “cancer” diagnosis and the morbidity of aggressive treatment for PTC, patients and health care professionals have to cope with the rapidly increasing costs of care for patients with thyroid cancer, which were estimated to exceed $1.6 billion in 2013 in the United States alone.18

Recognizing the problem of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of indolent cancers in many organs, the National Cancer Institute convened in 2012 a conference to evaluate this problem. Following the conference, a statement from a number of participants emphasized the need to revise terminology, replacing the word “cancer” when data emerge to support a more indolent designation.19 The goal of the current project was to assemble an international group of expert pathologists and clinicians to reexamine the entity currently known as EFVPTC through a review of a set of cases with long follow-up to (1) establish standardized diagnostic criteria and (2) identify terminology that would appropriately address the biological and clinical characteristics of this lesion.

原文链接:http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513250

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评论
2016年04月24日
闫国顺
河北医科大学第四医院(河北省肿瘤医院) | 泌尿外科
最近几年甲状腺癌的发病率大幅度上升,但是死亡率并没有增加,发现上升最快的就是甲状腺乳头状癌。说明甲状腺乳头状癌存在着过度治疗。
2016年04月22日
安徽中医药大学第一附属医院 | 内科
重在预防吧,有一定的意义
2016年04月22日
安徽中医药大学第一附属医院 | 内科
很好的文章,不断学习中,赞赞赞